/* =========================================================
   JHGT — Swiss / International Typographic Style
   主色 Primary  #56c2ff (navbar)
   輔色 Ink      #0d1b24  — 結構、文字、粗線
   強調 Signal   #e8392b  — 瑞士紅，只用於編號、重點、狀態
   底色 Paper    #ffffff / Mist #f2f3f1
   ========================================================= */
:root {
  --primary: #56c2ff;
  --primary-deep: #1f8fd1;
  --primary-tint: #e6f5ff;
  --ink: #0d1b24;
  --ink-2: #33434d;
  --muted: #64737c;
  --signal: #e8392b;
  --paper: #ffffff;
  --mist: #f2f3f1;
  --rule: #0d1b24;
  --hair: #d5d9d6;
  --ok: #1b8a5a;
  --warn: #b7791f;
  --font: "Inter", "Noto Sans TC", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "PingFang TC", "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;
  --mono: "IBM Plex Mono", ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, monospace;
  --wrap: 1240px;
  --gut: 24px;
}

*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; }
html { -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; }
body {
  margin: 0; background: var(--paper); color: var(--ink);
  font-family: var(--font); font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.65;
  font-feature-settings: "tnum" 1, "ss01" 1;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
}
a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration-color: var(--primary); text-decoration-thickness: 2px; text-underline-offset: 3px; }
a:hover { color: var(--primary-deep); }
img { max-width: 100%; display: block; }
h1, h2, h3, h4 { line-height: 1.15; letter-spacing: -0.02em; margin: 0 0 .5em; font-weight: 800; }
h1 { font-size: clamp(2rem, 4.2vw, 3.6rem); }
h2 { font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 2.6vw, 2.2rem); }
h3 { font-size: 1.25rem; font-weight: 700; }
p { margin: 0 0 1em; }
.en { color: var(--ink-2); }
.muted { color: var(--muted); }
.wrap { max-width: var(--wrap); margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 var(--gut); }
.skip { position: absolute; left: -999px; } .skip:focus { left: 8px; top: 8px; z-index: 99; background: #fff; padding: 8px; }

/* ---------- label / kicker ---------- */
.label {
  display: inline-block; font-size: .72rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: .14em;
  text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--ink);
}
.label.signal { color: var(--signal); }
.num { font-family: var(--font); font-weight: 800; color: var(--signal); font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; }

/* ---------- Navbar ---------- */
.nav { background: var(--primary); position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 50; border-bottom: 4px solid var(--ink); }
.nav-inner { display: flex; align-items: stretch; min-height: 76px; }
.brand {
  display: flex; flex: none; align-items: center; gap: 14px; text-decoration: none; padding-right: 22px;
  margin-right: 8px; border-right: 1px solid rgba(13, 27, 36, .25);
}
.brand-mark { flex: none; background: #fff; width: 104px; height: 76px; display: grid; place-items: center; margin-left: calc(-1 * var(--gut)); padding: 10px; }
.brand-mark img { width: 76px; height: auto; }
.brand, .brand:hover { color: var(--ink); }
.brand-text { line-height: 1.1; }
.brand-text b { display: block; font-size: 1.15rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -.01em; }
.brand-text small { font-size: .7rem; letter-spacing: .1em; text-transform: uppercase; font-weight: 600; }
.menu { display: flex; list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; align-items: stretch; flex: 1; }
.menu > li { position: relative; display: flex; }
.menu > li > a, .menu > li > button {
  display: flex; align-items: center; padding: 0 14px; font: inherit; font-size: .92rem; font-weight: 600;
  color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; background: none; border: 0; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;
}
.menu > li > a:hover, .menu > li > button:hover, .menu > li:focus-within > button, .menu > li.active > a,
.menu > li.active > button { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; }
.menu > li > a > span, .menu > li > button > span { display: flex; flex-direction: column; line-height: 1.15; text-align: left; }
.menu small { font-size: .72rem; font-weight: 500; opacity: .75; letter-spacing: .04em; margin-top: 2px; }
.nav-search { display: none !important; }
.tool-btn.icon { padding: 0 10px; }
.sub {
  display: none; position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 0; min-width: 260px; list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0;
  background: var(--ink); border-top: 4px solid var(--signal);
}
.menu > li:hover .sub, .menu > li:focus-within .sub { display: block; }
.sub a { display: block; padding: 11px 18px; color: #fff; text-decoration: none; font-size: .9rem; border-bottom: 1px solid #23343f; }
.sub a:hover { background: var(--primary); color: var(--ink); }
.nav-tools { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; margin-left: auto; }
.nav-tools form { display: flex; }
.nav-tools input {
  width: 190px; border: 0; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--ink); background: transparent; padding: 6px 4px;
  font: inherit; font-size: .9rem; color: var(--ink);
}
.nav-tools input::placeholder { color: rgba(13, 27, 36, .6); }
.nav-tools input:focus { outline: none; background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35); }
.tool-btn {
  display: inline-flex; align-items: center; height: 36px; padding: 0 14px; font-size: .85rem; font-weight: 700;
  text-decoration: none; color: var(--ink); border: 2px solid var(--ink); background: transparent; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;
}
.tool-btn.solid, .tool-btn:hover { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; }
.nav-toggle { display: none; }

/* ---------- Layout ---------- */
main { min-height: 60vh; }
.section { padding: 56px 0; }
.section.tight { padding: 32px 0; }
.section.mist { background: var(--mist); }
.grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(12, 1fr); gap: var(--gut); }
.c-12 { grid-column: span 12; } .c-8 { grid-column: span 8; } .c-7 { grid-column: span 7; }
.c-9 { grid-column: span 9; } .c-6 { grid-column: span 6; } .c-5 { grid-column: span 5; } .c-4 { grid-column: span 4; } .c-3 { grid-column: span 3; } .c-2 { grid-column: span 2; }
.rule { border: 0; border-top: 4px solid var(--rule); margin: 0 0 24px; }
.rule.thin { border-top-width: 1px; }
.head-row { display: flex; align-items: baseline; justify-content: space-between; gap: 16px; border-top: 4px solid var(--rule); padding-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 24px; }
.head-row h2 { margin: 0; }

/* ---------- Page header ---------- */
.page-head { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--hair); padding: 48px 0 28px; }
.page-head h1 { margin: 6px 0 0; max-width: 20ch; }
.crumbs { font-size: .8rem; color: var(--muted); }
.crumbs a { color: var(--muted); }

/* ---------- Hero ---------- */
.hero { padding: 56px 0 0; }
.hero h1 { font-size: clamp(2.4rem, 6vw, 5.4rem); line-height: .98; letter-spacing: -.035em; margin: 18px 0 20px; }
.hero h1 span { display: block; }
.hero .zh { font-size: clamp(1.4rem, 2.4vw, 2rem); font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: .04em; }
.hero-lede { font-size: 1.05rem; max-width: 56ch; color: var(--ink-2); }
.issue-card { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; padding: 28px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100%; }
.issue-card .label { color: var(--primary); }
.issue-card .big { font-size: clamp(3.5rem, 7vw, 6rem); font-weight: 800; line-height: .9; letter-spacing: -.04em; margin: 18px 0 6px; }
.issue-card .big em { font-style: normal; color: var(--signal); }
.issue-card .meta { font-size: .9rem; color: #c3ced5; margin-top: auto; }
.issue-card a { color: #fff; }
.stats { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); border-top: 4px solid var(--ink); margin-top: 40px; }
.stats div { padding: 16px 16px 16px 0; border-right: 1px solid var(--hair); }
.stats div + div { padding-left: 16px; }
.stats div:last-child { border-right: 0; }
.stats b { display: block; font-size: 2.4rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -.03em; line-height: 1; }
.stats span { font-size: .75rem; letter-spacing: .12em; text-transform: uppercase; font-weight: 700; color: var(--muted); }

/* ---------- Article list ---------- */
.toc { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; counter-reset: art; }
.toc-sec { margin: 32px 0 8px; }
.toc li { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 56px 1fr auto; gap: 16px; padding: 18px 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--hair); }
.toc li:last-child { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--hair); }
.toc .idx { font-weight: 800; color: var(--signal); font-size: 1.1rem; }
.toc .t { font-weight: 700; font-size: 1.06rem; line-height: 1.35; text-decoration: none; display: block; }
.toc .t:hover { color: var(--primary-deep); }
.toc .tc { display: block; color: var(--ink-2); font-size: .95rem; margin-top: 2px; }
.toc .au { font-size: .88rem; color: var(--muted); margin-top: 6px; }
.toc .side { text-align: right; font-size: .82rem; white-space: nowrap; }
.toc .side .pg { display: block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 6px; }
.tag { display: inline-block; font-size: .68rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: .1em; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 3px 8px; border: 1.5px solid var(--ink); }
.tag.oa { background: var(--primary); border-color: var(--primary); }
.tag.lock { color: var(--muted); border-color: var(--hair); }
.tag.draft { border-color: var(--muted); color: var(--muted); }
.tag.review { background: var(--primary-tint); border-color: var(--primary-deep); color: var(--primary-deep); }
.tag.accepted { background: var(--ok); border-color: var(--ok); color: #fff; }
.tag.rejected { background: var(--signal); border-color: var(--signal); color: #fff; }

/* ---------- Archive ---------- */
.year-block { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 160px 1fr; gap: var(--gut); border-top: 4px solid var(--ink); padding: 18px 0 28px; }
.year-block h2 { font-size: 3rem; letter-spacing: -.04em; margin: 0; line-height: .9; }
.issue-tiles { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(180px, 1fr)); gap: 12px; }
.issue-tile { display: block; text-decoration: none; padding: 16px; background: var(--mist); border-left: 4px solid var(--primary); transition: background .15s; }
.issue-tile:hover { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; border-left-color: var(--signal); }
.issue-tile b { display: block; font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -.02em; }
.issue-tile span { font-size: .8rem; }

/* ---------- Article page ---------- */
.art-title { font-size: clamp(1.7rem, 3.2vw, 2.7rem); max-width: 28ch; }
.art-title-zh { font-size: 1.35rem; font-weight: 700; color: var(--ink-2); margin-top: -4px; }
.authors { font-size: 1.05rem; font-weight: 600; margin: 18px 0 4px; }
.affil { color: var(--muted); font-size: .92rem; }
.abstract h3 { margin-top: 32px; }
.abstract p { max-width: 72ch; text-align: justify; }
.kw { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; margin: 8px 0 0; padding: 0; list-style: none; }
.kw li { background: var(--mist); padding: 3px 10px; font-size: .85rem; }
.aside-box { border-top: 4px solid var(--ink); padding-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 32px; }
.aside-box dl { margin: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: auto 1fr; gap: 6px 16px; font-size: .9rem; }
.aside-box dt { font-weight: 700; font-size: .72rem; letter-spacing: .12em; text-transform: uppercase; padding-top: 3px; }
.aside-box dd { margin: 0; }
.btn {
  display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 8px; padding: 12px 20px; font: inherit;
  font-weight: 700; font-size: .92rem; text-decoration: none; border: 2px solid var(--ink); background: var(--ink);
  color: #fff; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.2;
}
.btn:hover { background: var(--primary); color: var(--ink); border-color: var(--ink); }
.btn.primary { background: var(--primary); color: var(--ink); }
.btn.primary:hover { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; }
.btn.ghost { background: transparent; color: var(--ink); }
.btn.ghost:hover { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; }
.btn.danger { background: var(--signal); border-color: var(--signal); }
.btn.sm { padding: 6px 12px; font-size: .8rem; }
.btn.block { width: 100%; }
.btn[disabled] { opacity: .4; pointer-events: none; }
.btn-row { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; align-items: center; }

/* ---------- Prose (CMS pages) ---------- */
.prose { max-width: 76ch; }
.prose h3 { margin-top: 1.8em; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid var(--hair); }
.prose ol, .prose ul { padding-left: 1.4em; }
.prose li { margin-bottom: .55em; }
.prose .lead { font-size: 1.2rem; }
.facts { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 220px 1fr; border-top: 1px solid var(--hair); margin: 0; }
.facts dt, .facts dd { padding: 14px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--hair); margin: 0; }
.facts dt { font-weight: 700; font-size: .78rem; letter-spacing: .1em; text-transform: uppercase; padding-right: 16px; }
.people { list-style: none; padding: 0 !important; }
.people li { padding: 10px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--hair); font-weight: 700; margin: 0 !important; }
.people .en { font-weight: 400; margin-left: 10px; }
.side-nav { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; border-top: 4px solid var(--ink); }
.side-nav a { display: block; padding: 10px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--hair); text-decoration: none; font-size: .92rem; font-weight: 600; }
.side-nav a.on { color: var(--signal); }
.side-nav a.on::before { content: "→ "; }

/* ---------- News ---------- */
.news { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.news li { padding: 14px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--hair); }
.news time { font-size: .78rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: .08em; color: var(--signal); display: block; }
.news a { font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; }

/* ---------- Forms ---------- */
.form { max-width: 760px; }
.field { margin-bottom: 18px; }
.field label { display: block; font-size: .78rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: .08em; text-transform: uppercase; margin-bottom: 6px; }
.field label .req { color: var(--signal); }
input[type=text], input[type=email], input[type=password], input[type=number], input[type=date], input[type=search],
select, textarea {
  width: 100%; font: inherit; font-size: 1rem; color: var(--ink); background: #fff; border: 0;
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--ink); padding: 10px 2px; border-radius: 0;
}
textarea { border: 2px solid var(--ink); padding: 10px 12px; min-height: 140px; resize: vertical; }
textarea.s { min-height: 70px; }
input:focus, select:focus, textarea:focus { outline: none; border-color: var(--primary-deep); background: var(--primary-tint); }
.checks { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(240px, 1fr)); gap: 6px 16px; }
.checks label { text-transform: none; letter-spacing: 0; font-weight: 500; font-size: .92rem; display: flex; gap: 8px; align-items: center; margin: 0; }
.inline { display: flex; gap: 12px; align-items: center; }
.panel { border: 2px solid var(--ink); padding: 28px; background: #fff; }
.panel.mist { background: var(--mist); border-color: var(--mist); }
.auth-wrap { max-width: 460px; margin: 64px auto; }
.help { font-size: .82rem; color: var(--muted); }
input[type=file] { font: inherit; font-size: .9rem; }

/* ---------- Flash ---------- */
.flashes { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.flash { padding: 12px 0; font-weight: 600; font-size: .92rem; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--hair); display: flex; gap: 10px; }
.flash::before { content: ""; width: 10px; height: 10px; margin-top: 6px; flex: none; background: var(--primary); }
.flash.success::before { background: var(--ok); }
.flash.danger::before, .flash.warning::before { background: var(--signal); }

/* ---------- Tables ---------- */
.table-wrap { overflow-x: auto; }
table.data { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: .9rem; }
table.data th { text-align: left; font-size: .72rem; letter-spacing: .1em; text-transform: uppercase; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--ink); padding: 10px 8px; white-space: nowrap; }
table.data td { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--hair); padding: 10px 8px; vertical-align: top; }
table.data tr:hover td { background: var(--mist); }
.tabs { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--ink); margin-bottom: 24px; }
.tabs a { padding: 10px 16px; text-decoration: none; font-weight: 700; font-size: .9rem; }
.tabs a.on { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; }
.tabs a b { color: var(--signal); margin-left: 4px; }
.tabs a.on b { color: var(--primary); }
.pager { display: flex; gap: 4px; margin-top: 24px; }
.pager a, .pager span { padding: 6px 12px; border: 2px solid var(--ink); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 700; font-size: .85rem; }
.pager span { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; }

/* ---------- Admin ---------- */
.admin-bar { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; font-size: .82rem; }
.admin-bar .wrap { display: flex; gap: 18px; align-items: center; min-height: 38px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
.admin-bar a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; font-weight: 600; }
.admin-bar a:hover { color: var(--primary); }
.admin-bar .site-state { margin-left: auto; font-weight: 700; }
.admin-bar .site-state.off { color: var(--signal); }
.kpis { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(6, 1fr); border-top: 4px solid var(--ink); }
.kpis div { padding: 16px; border-right: 1px solid var(--hair); }
.kpis div:last-child { border-right: 0; }
.kpis b { display: block; font-size: 2.2rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -.03em; line-height: 1.05; }
.kpis b.signal { color: var(--signal); }
.kpis span { font-size: .72rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: .1em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--muted); }
.switch-panel { display: grid; grid-template-columns: auto 1fr; gap: 24px; align-items: center; padding: 24px; border: 2px solid var(--ink); }
.switch-panel .state { font-size: 2.2rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -.03em; }
.switch-panel .state.on { color: var(--ok); }
.switch-panel .state.off { color: var(--signal); }
details.art-edit summary { cursor: pointer; font-weight: 700; font-size: .82rem; }
details.art-edit[open] { background: var(--mist); padding: 12px; }
.mini-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(150px, 1fr)); gap: 12px; }

/* ---------- Footer ---------- */
footer.site { background: var(--ink); color: #c9d3d9; margin-top: 64px; font-size: .88rem; }
footer.site .wrap { padding-top: 48px; padding-bottom: 32px; }
footer.site a { color: #fff; text-decoration-color: var(--primary); }
footer.site h4 { color: #fff; font-size: .72rem; letter-spacing: .14em; text-transform: uppercase; margin-bottom: 12px; }
footer.site ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
footer.site li { margin-bottom: 6px; }
.foot-mark { font-size: 4.6rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -.05em; line-height: .85; color: var(--primary); }
.foot-bottom { border-top: 1px solid #2a3b46; margin-top: 32px; padding-top: 16px; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; font-size: .78rem; }

/* ---------- Closed / error ---------- */
.closed { min-height: 100vh; display: grid; place-items: center; background: var(--primary); padding: 24px; }
.closed .box { max-width: 640px; background: #fff; border: 4px solid var(--ink); padding: 40px; }
.err-code { font-size: clamp(6rem, 18vw, 12rem); font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -.06em; line-height: .85; color: var(--signal); }

/* ---------- Responsive ---------- */
@media (max-width: 1320px) {
  .brand-text small { display: none; }
  .brand { padding-right: 14px; }
}
@media (max-width: 1080px) {
  .nav-tools input { width: 130px; }
  .menu > li > a, .menu > li > button { padding: 0 10px; }
  .kpis { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); }
  .kpis div { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--hair); }
}
@media (max-width: 900px) {
  :root { --gut: 16px; }
  .nav-inner { flex-wrap: wrap; min-height: 64px; }
  .brand { border-right: 0; flex: 1; }
  .brand-mark { width: 84px; height: 64px; }
  .brand-mark img { width: 62px; }
  .menu small { display: inline; margin-left: 8px; }
  .menu > li > a > span, .menu > li > button > span { flex-direction: row; align-items: baseline; }
  .nav-toggle { display: inline-flex; align-self: center; }
  .menu, .nav-tools { display: none; width: 100%; }
  .nav.open .menu { display: flex; flex-direction: column; border-top: 2px solid var(--ink); }
  .nav.open .nav-tools { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 12px 0 16px; }
  .nav.open .nav-search { display: flex !important; flex: 1 1 100%; }
  .tool-btn.icon[aria-label=Search] { display: none; }
  .nav.open .nav-tools input { width: 100%; }
  .menu > li { flex-direction: column; }
  .menu > li > a, .menu > li > button { padding: 12px 0; }
  .sub { display: block; position: static; background: transparent; border: 0; min-width: 0; }
  .sub a { color: var(--ink); padding: 6px 16px; border: 0; }
  .grid > [class^="c-"], .grid > [class*=" c-"] { grid-column: span 12; }
  .year-block { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .facts { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .facts dt { border-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; }
  .toc li { grid-template-columns: 36px 1fr; }
  .toc .side { grid-column: 2; text-align: left; }
  .stats b { font-size: 1.8rem; }
  .kpis { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); }
  .switch-panel { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .section { padding: 36px 0; }
}
@media print {
  .nav, footer.site, .admin-bar, .btn { display: none !important; }
}

/* =========================================================
   OJS workflow components
   ========================================================= */
.badge { display: inline-grid; place-items: center; min-width: 20px; height: 20px; padding: 0 6px; margin-left: 6px; background: var(--signal); color: #fff; font-size: .72rem; border-radius: 10px; }
.wizard { list-style: none; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 1fr); gap: 0; margin: 28px 0 0; padding: 0; border-top: 4px solid var(--ink); }
.wizard li { padding: 14px 12px 12px 0; border-right: 1px solid var(--hair); color: var(--muted); }
.wizard li + li { padding-left: 14px; }
.wizard li:last-child { border-right: 0; }
.wizard li a { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; display: block; }
.wizard .n { display: block; font-size: 2rem; font-weight: 800; line-height: 1; letter-spacing: -.03em; }
.wizard small { display: block; font-size: .7rem; letter-spacing: .1em; text-transform: uppercase; font-weight: 700; }
.wizard li.done { color: var(--ink); }
.wizard li.on { color: var(--ink); background: var(--primary-tint); box-shadow: inset 0 4px 0 var(--signal); }
.wizard li.on .n { color: var(--signal); }
.upload-row { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; align-items: center; }
.upload-row select { width: auto; min-width: 160px; }
.upload-row input[type=file] { flex: 1; min-width: 200px; }
.stage-tabs .tab-off { padding: 10px 16px; font-weight: 700; font-size: .9rem; color: var(--hair); }
.pub-tabs a { font-size: .82rem; }
.thread { list-style: none; margin: 0 0 16px; padding: 0; }
.thread li { padding: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--hair); }
.thread .who { font-size: .8rem; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 4px; }
.thread time { font-weight: 400; color: var(--muted); margin-left: 8px; }
.author-list { list-style: none; margin: 18px 0 0; padding: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px 28px; }
.author-list li { font-size: 1rem; }
.author-list .affil { display: block; font-size: .85rem; color: var(--muted); }
.corr { color: var(--signal); }
.refs { font-size: .88rem; color: var(--ink-2); }
details.decision > summary { list-style: none; cursor: pointer; text-align: center; }
details.decision > summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }
details.decision[open] > summary { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; }
details.decision.primary > summary { background: var(--primary); color: var(--ink); }
details.decision.danger > summary { background: transparent; color: var(--signal); border-color: var(--signal); }
details.decision.primary[open] > summary, details.decision.danger[open] > summary { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; border-color: var(--ink); }
.decision-body { padding: 12px; background: var(--mist); }
.decision-body textarea { font-size: .88rem; }
.news.log li { font-size: .8rem; padding: 8px 0; }
.pager .gap { background: none; color: var(--ink); border: 0; }
.tag a, a.tag { text-decoration: none; }
@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .wizard { grid-template-columns: repeat(5, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
  .wizard small { display: none; }
  .wizard .n { font-size: 1.4rem; }
}

/* =========================================================
   v4 Masthead / main navigation (參考版面)
   ========================================================= */
:root { --font: "Inter", "Noto Sans TC", "PingFang TC", "Microsoft JhengHei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; }
.masthead { background: #fff; }
.masthead-inner { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 32px; min-height: 140px; }
.mast-brand { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 26px; text-decoration: none; color: var(--ink); }
.mast-brand:hover { color: var(--ink); }
.mast-brand img { width: 136px; height: auto; }
.mast-brand b { display: block; font-size: 2.35rem; font-weight: 900; letter-spacing: .04em; line-height: 1.1; }
.mast-brand small { display: block; font-size: 1.15rem; color: var(--ink-2); margin-top: 4px; letter-spacing: .01em; }
.mast-meta { display: flex; gap: 44px; margin: 0 0 0 auto; }
.mast-meta dt { font-size: .9rem; color: var(--muted); }
.mast-meta dd { margin: 2px 0 0; font-weight: 700; }
.mast-toggle { display: none; }

.mainnav { background: var(--primary); position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 60; }
.mainnav-inner { display: flex; align-items: stretch; min-height: 74px; }
.mn { display: flex; list-style: none; margin: 0 0 0 calc(-1 * 22px); padding: 0; }
.mn > li { position: relative; display: flex; }
.mn > li > a, .mn > li > button {
  display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; padding: 0 22px; text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--ink); background: none; border: 0; font: inherit; cursor: pointer; text-align: left;
}
.mn b { font-size: 1.32rem; font-weight: 900; letter-spacing: .04em; line-height: 1.2; }
.mn small { font-size: .92rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.3; }
.mn > li.on > a, .mn > li.on > button { background: #fff; }
.mn > li > a:hover, .mn > li > button:hover { background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .45); }
.mn-sub { display: none; position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 0; min-width: 270px; list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 6px 0;
  background: #fff; border-top: 4px solid var(--ink); box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(13, 27, 36, .16); z-index: 70; }
.mn-sub.right { left: auto; right: 0; }
.mn-sub a { display: block; padding: 10px 18px; color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; font-size: .95rem; }
.mn-sub a:hover { background: var(--primary-tint); }
.mn-sub li.sep { border-top: 1px solid var(--hair); margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 4px; }
.mn > li.has-sub:hover .mn-sub, .mn > li.has-sub:focus-within .mn-sub, .mn-tools details[open] .mn-sub { display: block; }
.mn-tools { margin-left: auto; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 22px; }
.mn-tools details { position: relative; }
.mn-tools summary { list-style: none; cursor: pointer; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; font-size: 1.12rem; font-weight: 500; color: var(--ink); padding: 8px 4px; }
.mn-tools summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }
.mn-link { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; font-size: 1.12rem; text-decoration: none; color: var(--ink); }
.mn-link.reg { border: 2px solid var(--ink); padding: 4px 12px; font-weight: 700; }
.mn-link.reg:hover { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; }
.mn-search form { display: none; }
.mn-search[open] form { display: flex; position: absolute; right: 0; top: calc(100% + 18px); background: #fff; padding: 12px; gap: 8px; width: 380px;
  box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(13, 27, 36, .18); border-top: 4px solid var(--ink); z-index: 70; }
.mn-search input { border-bottom-width: 2px; }
.mn-search button { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; border: 0; padding: 0 16px; font: inherit; font-weight: 700; cursor: pointer; }
.mn-user .badge { margin-left: 0; }

.notice-bar { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; font-size: 1rem; }
.notice-bar .wrap { padding-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 14px; font-weight: 500; }
.notice-bar a { color: #fff; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 18px; text-decoration-color: var(--primary); }

/* ---- 期別標頭（藍色卷期方塊） ---- */
.crumb2 { font-size: .95rem; color: var(--ink-2); margin: 40px 0 26px; display: flex; gap: 22px; }
.crumb2 a { color: var(--ink-2); text-decoration: none; }
.crumb2 a:hover { color: var(--primary-deep); }
.issue-hero { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 292px 1fr; gap: 44px; align-items: center; padding-bottom: 28px; border-bottom: 4px solid var(--ink); }
.vol-block { background: var(--primary); padding: 22px 28px 26px; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr auto; column-gap: 20px; }
.vol-block span { font-size: .95rem; }
.vol-block b { font-size: 6.4rem; font-weight: 900; line-height: .9; letter-spacing: -.04em; margin-top: 6px; }
.issue-hero h1 { font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3.6rem); font-weight: 900; letter-spacing: .02em; margin: 0 0 14px; }
.issue-hero .iss-en { font-size: 1.35rem; color: var(--ink-2); margin: 0; }
.issue-hero .date { font-size: 1.35rem; margin: 6px 0 0; }
.issue-hero .tagline { margin-top: 10px; }

/* ---- 目錄（起始頁碼大字） ---- */
.toc2-sec { display: flex; gap: 16px; align-items: baseline; padding: 30px 0 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--hair); }
.toc2-sec b { font-size: 1.1rem; font-weight: 900; }
.toc2-sec span { color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 1.1rem; }
.toc2 { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.toc2 li { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 104px 1fr auto; gap: 0 20px; padding: 24px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--hair); }
.toc2 .pg0 { font-size: 1.85rem; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.1; letter-spacing: -.02em; }
.toc2 .t1 { font-size: 1.25rem; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.45; text-decoration: none; color: var(--ink); display: block; }
.toc2 .t1:hover { color: var(--primary-deep); }
.toc2 .t2 { display: block; font-size: 1.12rem; color: var(--ink-2); margin-top: 6px; line-height: 1.45; }
.toc2 .au { font-size: 1.05rem; margin-top: 8px; }
.toc2 .side { text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 1rem; }
.toc2 .side .pp { display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; }
.toc2 .acc { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 5px; text-decoration: none; color: var(--ink-2); }
.toc2 a.acc { color: var(--ink); font-weight: 700; }
.toc2 a.acc:hover { color: var(--primary-deep); }

/* ---- 右側欄 ---- */
.side-submit { background: var(--primary); border-top: 4px solid var(--ink); padding: 26px 26px 28px; margin-top: 4px; }
.side-submit h3 { font-size: 1.15rem; font-weight: 900; margin: 0 0 16px; }
.side-submit p { font-size: 1.05rem; line-height: 1.75; }
.side-submit .go { display: block; background: var(--ink); color: #fff; text-align: center; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 900; letter-spacing: .06em; padding: 16px; text-decoration: none; margin: 22px 0 18px; }
.side-submit .go:hover { background: #fff; color: var(--ink); }
.side-submit .lnk { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; font-size: 1.05rem; }
.side-info { border-top: 4px solid var(--ink); margin-top: 52px; padding-top: 18px; }
.side-info h3 { font-size: 1.1rem; font-weight: 900; margin: 0 0 14px; }
.side-info dl { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 80px 1fr; gap: 12px 0; margin: 0; font-size: 1.1rem; }
.side-info dt { color: var(--ink-2); }
.side-info dd { margin: 0; }
.side-news { border-top: 4px solid var(--ink); margin-top: 52px; padding-top: 18px; }
.side-news h3 { font-size: 1.1rem; font-weight: 900; margin: 0 0 6px; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: baseline; }
.side-news h3 a { font-size: .85rem; font-weight: 600; }

@media (max-width: 1100px) {
  .mn > li > a, .mn > li > button { padding: 0 14px; }
  .mn b { font-size: 1.12rem; } .mn small { font-size: .78rem; }
  .mast-meta { display: none; }
}
@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .masthead-inner { min-height: 88px; gap: 14px; }
  .mast-brand { gap: 14px; }
  .mast-brand img { width: 76px; }
  .mast-brand b { font-size: 1.45rem; }
  .mast-brand small { font-size: .82rem; }
  .mast-toggle { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 5px; margin-left: auto; background: none; border: 2px solid var(--ink); padding: 10px 10px 6px; cursor: pointer; }
  .mast-toggle span { width: 22px; height: 2px; background: var(--ink); display: block; }
  .mast-toggle em { font-style: normal; font-size: .65rem; font-weight: 700; }
  .mainnav { position: static; }
  .mainnav-inner { flex-direction: column; min-height: 0; }
  .mn { display: none; flex-direction: column; margin: 0; }
  .mainnav.open .mn { display: flex; }
  .mn > li { flex-direction: column; }
  .mn > li > a, .mn > li > button { flex-direction: row; align-items: baseline; gap: 10px; padding: 12px 0; }
  .mn-sub { position: static; display: block; box-shadow: none; border: 0; background: transparent; padding: 0 0 8px 12px; }
  .mn-tools { margin: 0; padding: 10px 0; justify-content: flex-end; }
  .mn-tools .mn-sub { position: absolute; background: #fff; box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(13,27,36,.18); display: none; }
  .mn-tools details[open] .mn-sub { display: block; }
  .mn-search[open] form { width: calc(100vw - 32px); right: -90px; }
  .issue-hero { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 20px; }
  .vol-block b { font-size: 4.6rem; }
  .toc2 li { grid-template-columns: 60px 1fr; }
  .toc2 .pg0 { font-size: 1.35rem; }
  .toc2 .side { grid-column: 2; text-align: left; margin-top: 10px; }
  .toc2 .side .pp { display: inline; margin-right: 12px; }
  .side-info, .side-news { margin-top: 32px; }
}
.grid > * { min-width: 0; }
.toc2 li > div, .issue-hero > div { min-width: 0; }
.issue-hero h1 { font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 3.1vw, 3rem); }
@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .vol-block { grid-template-columns: auto auto; justify-content: start; column-gap: 40px; }
  .issue-hero h1 { font-size: 1.7rem; }
}
.grid.wide { column-gap: 64px; }
@media (max-width: 900px) { .grid.wide { column-gap: var(--gut); } }
.issue-hero { grid-template-columns: 260px 1fr; gap: 36px; }
.issue-hero h1 { font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 2.3vw, 2.4rem); white-space: nowrap; }
.vol-block b { font-size: 5.6rem; }
@media (max-width: 900px) { .issue-hero { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 20px; } .issue-hero h1 { white-space: normal; font-size: 1.7rem; } .vol-block b { font-size: 4.4rem; } }
/* v5 logo image */
.mast-brand img { width: clamp(300px, 37vw, 534px); height: auto; display: block; }
.foot-logo { width: 100%; max-width: 300px; background: #fff; padding: 14px 16px; }
@media (max-width: 900px) { .mast-brand img { width: min(72vw, 300px); } }
.mn b.en-only { font-size: 1.12rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: 0; }
.lang-switch { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); gap: 0; border: 2px solid var(--ink); max-width: 760px; }
.lang-switch label { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; padding: 18px 20px; cursor: pointer; border-right: 1px solid var(--hair); }
.lang-switch label:last-child { border-right: 0; }
.lang-switch input { position: absolute; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; }
.lang-switch .lang-name { font-size: .78rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: .1em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.lang-switch .lang-demo { background: var(--primary); padding: 10px 14px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; line-height: 1.2; min-height: 62px; justify-content: center; }
.lang-switch .lang-demo b { font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 900; }
.lang-switch .lang-demo small { font-size: .85rem; }
.lang-switch label.on { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; }
.lang-switch label.on .lang-demo { color: var(--ink); background: #fff; }
.lang-switch label:hover:not(.on) { background: var(--primary-tint); }
@media (max-width: 600px) { .lang-switch { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } .lang-switch label { border-right: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--hair); } }

/* =========================================================
   v6  按鈕：橘黃色 · Footer：白底 1px 邊線
   ========================================================= */
:root { --amber: #f7a823; --amber-deep: #e08e00; --amber-tint: #fff3dc; }
.btn, .btn.primary, .side-submit .go, .tool-btn.solid, .mn-search button,
details.decision.primary > summary, .pager span {
  background: var(--amber); border-color: var(--amber); color: var(--ink);
}
.btn:hover, .btn.primary:hover, .side-submit .go:hover, .tool-btn.solid:hover, .mn-search button:hover {
  background: var(--amber-deep); border-color: var(--amber-deep); color: var(--ink);
}
.btn.ghost { background: transparent; border-color: var(--amber); color: var(--ink); }
.btn.ghost:hover { background: var(--amber); border-color: var(--amber); color: var(--ink); }
.btn.danger { background: var(--signal); border-color: var(--signal); color: #fff; }
.btn.danger:hover { background: #c22a1e; border-color: #c22a1e; color: #fff; }
.btn[disabled] { background: var(--hair); border-color: var(--hair); color: var(--muted); }
details.decision > summary { border-color: var(--amber); }
details.decision[open] > summary { background: var(--amber-deep); border-color: var(--amber-deep); color: var(--ink); }
details.decision.danger > summary { border-color: var(--signal); }
.mn-link.reg { border-color: var(--ink); }
.mn-link.reg:hover { background: var(--amber); border-color: var(--amber); color: var(--ink); }
.pager a { border-color: var(--amber); }
.pager a:hover { background: var(--amber-tint); }
.tabs a.on { background: var(--ink); }
input[type=file]::file-selector-button { background: var(--amber); border: 0; padding: 6px 12px; font: inherit; font-weight: 700; cursor: pointer; margin-right: 10px; }

footer.site { background: #fff; color: var(--ink-2); border-top: 1px solid var(--ink); }
footer.site a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration-color: var(--primary); }
footer.site a:hover { color: var(--primary-deep); }
footer.site h4 { color: var(--ink); }
.foot-logo { background: transparent; padding: 0; }
.foot-bottom { border-top: 1px solid var(--hair); color: var(--muted); }

/* =========================================================
   v7  按鈕：#fdd35c ＋ 圓角 12px
   ========================================================= */
:root { --amber: #fdd35c; --amber-deep: #f6c232; --amber-tint: #fff6da; --radius: 12px; }
.btn, .tool-btn, .side-submit .go, .mn-link.reg, .mn-search button, details.decision > summary,
.pager a, .pager span, .upload-row .btn, input[type=file]::file-selector-button {
  border-radius: var(--radius);
}
.btn.sm { border-radius: 9px; }
.btn.ghost { border-width: 1px; border-color: var(--ink); padding: 13px 21px; }
.btn.ghost.sm { padding: 7px 13px; }
.btn.ghost:hover { border-color: var(--amber); }
.side-submit .go { padding: 18px; }
details.decision[open] > summary { border-radius: var(--radius) var(--radius) 0 0; }
.decision-body { border-radius: 0 0 var(--radius) var(--radius); }
.mn-search[open] form input { border-radius: 0; }

/* =========================================================
   v8  摘要預覽、瀏覽分頁、引用、分享、RSS、ORCID
   ========================================================= */
.abs-prev { margin-top: 10px; }
.abs-prev summary { list-style: none; cursor: pointer; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; font-size: .88rem; font-weight: 700; color: var(--primary-deep); }
.abs-prev summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }
.abs-prev summary::before { content: "＋"; font-weight: 900; }
.abs-prev[open] summary::before { content: "－"; }
.abs-prev .hide, .abs-prev[open] .show { display: none; }
.abs-prev[open] .hide { display: inline; }
.abs-body { margin-top: 10px; padding: 14px 16px; background: var(--mist); border-left: 3px solid var(--primary); border-radius: 0 10px 10px 0; font-size: .95rem; line-height: 1.75; }
.abs-body p { margin: 0 0 10px; text-align: justify; }
.abs-body a { font-weight: 700; font-size: .88rem; }

.browse { margin-top: 64px; }
.browse-head h2 { font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: 900; margin: 0 0 16px; }
.browse-head h2 span { font-weight: 500; color: var(--ink-2); font-size: 1.1rem; margin-left: 8px; }
.btabs { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; border-bottom: 4px solid var(--ink); padding-bottom: 12px; }
.btabs button { font: inherit; font-weight: 800; font-size: 1rem; padding: 10px 18px; border: 1px solid var(--ink); background: #fff; border-radius: var(--radius); cursor: pointer; color: var(--ink); }
.btabs button small { font-weight: 500; font-size: .8rem; margin-left: 4px; }
.btabs button.on { background: var(--amber); border-color: var(--amber); }
.btabs button:hover:not(.on) { background: var(--amber-tint); }
.bpanel { display: none; }
.bpanel.on { display: block; }
.alist { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.alist li { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 56px 1fr auto; gap: 0 18px; padding: 20px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--hair); }
.alist .rank { font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: 900; color: var(--primary-deep); line-height: 1.1; }
.alist .t1 { font-size: 1.12rem; font-weight: 900; color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; display: block; line-height: 1.45; }
.alist .t1:hover { color: var(--primary-deep); }
.alist .t2 { display: block; color: var(--ink-2); margin-top: 4px; }
.alist .au { margin-top: 6px; }
.alist .meta { font-size: .85rem; color: var(--muted); margin-top: 4px; }
.alist .side { text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; }
.alist .side b { display: block; font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1; }
.alist .side small { color: var(--muted); font-size: .78rem; }
.alist .side .acc { font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; color: var(--ink); }

.cite-tabs { display: flex; gap: 6px; margin: 12px 0 8px; }
.cite-tabs button { font: inherit; font-size: .82rem; font-weight: 800; padding: 6px 12px; border: 1px solid var(--ink); background: #fff; border-radius: 9px; cursor: pointer; }
.cite-tabs button.on { background: var(--amber); border-color: var(--amber); }
.cite-box { display: none; margin: 0; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word; font-family: var(--mono); font-size: .76rem; line-height: 1.55;
  background: var(--mist); padding: 12px; border-radius: 10px; max-height: 260px; overflow: auto; }
.cite-box.on { display: block; }
.cite-box[data-fmt="apa"] { font-family: var(--font); font-size: .86rem; }
.share { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; margin-top: 12px; }
.share .sh { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; padding: 8px 12px; border-radius: 9px; font: inherit; font-size: .85rem; font-weight: 700;
  text-decoration: none; color: #fff; border: 0; cursor: pointer; }
.share .mail { background: var(--ink-2); } .share .fb { background: #1877f2; } .share .line { background: #06c755; }
.share .x { background: #000; } .share .link { background: var(--amber); color: var(--ink); }
.share .sh:hover { filter: brightness(1.08); color: #fff; } .share .link:hover { color: var(--ink); }
.side-rss { margin-top: 18px; }
.side-rss a { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; color: var(--ink); }
.side-rss a:hover { color: var(--primary-deep); }
.orcid { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 4px; text-decoration: none; font-size: .82rem; color: var(--ink-2); vertical-align: middle; }
.orcid-ic { flex: none; vertical-align: -2px; }
.orcid-help { font-size: .72rem; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: 0; text-transform: none; margin-left: 6px; }
@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .alist li { grid-template-columns: 36px 1fr; }
  .alist .side { grid-column: 2; text-align: left; margin-top: 8px; }
  .alist .side b { display: inline; font-size: 1.1rem; margin-right: 4px; }
}